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Following change to Packaging Guidelines is proposed: Add a section '''Use of alternatives''' which would read:  
Following change to Packaging Guidelines is proposed: Add a section '''Use of alternatives''' which would read:  


== Use of alternatives ==
== Using alternatives ==
Alternatives can be used to allow parallel installation of packages which provide the same functionality and can be used as a drop-in replacement (for example: the various MTAs which all provide <code>/usr/sbin/sendmail</code>).


=== What are alternatives ===
Alternatives provide means for parallel installation of packages which provide the same functionality by maintaining sets of symlinks (one per package) pointing to alternativized files like this:
<code>/path/original-file -> /etc/alternatives/packagename-original-file -> /path/original-file.suffix</code>
For more information, see <code>update-alternatives(8)</code> manpage.
=== When to use alternatives ===
Alternatives can be used to allow parallel installation of software that can be used as a drop-in replacement (for example: the various MTAs which all provide <code>/usr/sbin/sendmail</code>). Selection of which of the parallel-installed packages to use for a given alternativized file can only be done system-wide by a root-level user.
=== When not to use alternatives ===
Alternatives are not recommended to facilitate parallel installation of software whose selection should be done by users (for example: the various MPI environments). environment-modules might be a better solution in that case.
=== How to use alternatives ===
If a package is using alternatives, the files which would otherwise conflict must be installed with an appropriate suffix (for example: <code>%{_sbindir}/sendmail.postfix</code> instead of <code>%{_sbindir}/sendmail</code>), the original locations must be touched (for example: <code>touch %{_sbindir}/sendmail</code>), the links set up by alternatives must be listed as %ghost in the file list and proper Requires: must be added, like in the examples below.
If a package is using alternatives, the files which would otherwise conflict must be installed with an appropriate suffix (for example: <code>%{_sbindir}/sendmail.postfix</code> instead of <code>%{_sbindir}/sendmail</code>), the original locations must be touched (for example: <code>touch %{_sbindir}/sendmail</code>), the links set up by alternatives must be listed as %ghost in the file list and proper Requires: must be added, like in the examples below.



Revision as of 17:08, 14 April 2009

Warning.png
This page is a draft only
It is still under construction and content may change. Do not rely on the information on this page.

Existing guideline

None.

Proposal

Following change to Packaging Guidelines is proposed: Add a section Use of alternatives which would read:

Using alternatives

What are alternatives

Alternatives provide means for parallel installation of packages which provide the same functionality by maintaining sets of symlinks (one per package) pointing to alternativized files like this: /path/original-file -> /etc/alternatives/packagename-original-file -> /path/original-file.suffix For more information, see update-alternatives(8) manpage.

When to use alternatives

Alternatives can be used to allow parallel installation of software that can be used as a drop-in replacement (for example: the various MTAs which all provide /usr/sbin/sendmail). Selection of which of the parallel-installed packages to use for a given alternativized file can only be done system-wide by a root-level user.

When not to use alternatives

Alternatives are not recommended to facilitate parallel installation of software whose selection should be done by users (for example: the various MPI environments). environment-modules might be a better solution in that case.

How to use alternatives

If a package is using alternatives, the files which would otherwise conflict must be installed with an appropriate suffix (for example: %{_sbindir}/sendmail.postfix instead of %{_sbindir}/sendmail), the original locations must be touched (for example: touch %{_sbindir}/sendmail), the links set up by alternatives must be listed as %ghost in the file list and proper Requires: must be added, like in the examples below.

Putting the alternativized files in the file list ensures that they are owned by respective packages, which means that commands like:

  • rpm -qf /usr/bin/foo
  • yum install /usr/bin/foo
  • repoquery --whatprovides /usr/bin/foo

all work properly. Using %ghost for this purpose allows using globs and generated file lists.

Examples

Example from antlr.spec:

Requires(post): %{_sbindir}/update-alternatives
Requires(postun): %{_sbindir}/update-alternatives
...
%install
...
touch %{_bindir}/antlr

%post
%{_sbindir}/update-alternatives --install %{_bindir}/antlr \
  %{name} %{_bindir}/antlr-java 10

%postun
if [ $1 -eq 0 ] ; then
  %{_sbindir}/update-alternatives --remove %{name} %{_bindir}/antlr-java
fi
...
%files
...
%ghost %{_bindir}/antlr
%{_bindir}/antlr-java

And a more complex example of alternatives invocation from sendmail.spec, slightly edited:

Requires(post): %{_sbindir}/update-alternatives
Requires(postun): %{_sbindir}/update-alternatives
Requires(preun): %{_sbindir}/update-alternatives
...
%install
...
# rename files for alternative usage
mv %{buildroot}%{_sbindir}/sendmail %{buildroot}%{_sbindir}/sendmail.sendmail
touch %{buildroot}%{_sbindir}/sendmail
for i in mailq newaliases rmail; do
	mv %{buildroot}%{_bindir}/$i %{buildroot}%{_bindir}/$i.sendmail
	touch %{buildroot}%{_bindir}/$i
done
mv %{buildroot}%{_mandir}/man1/mailq.1 %{buildroot}%{_mandir}/man1/mailq.sendmail.1
touch %{buildroot}%{_mandir}/man1/mailq.1
mv %{buildroot}%{_mandir}/man1/newaliases.1 %{buildroot}%{_mandir}/man1/newaliases.sendmail.1
touch %{buildroot}%{_mandir}/man1/newaliases.1
mv %{buildroot}%{_mandir}/man5/aliases.5 %{buildroot}%{_mandir}/man5/aliases.sendmail.5
touch %{buildroot}%{_mandir}/man5/aliases.5
mv %{buildroot}%{_mandir}/man8/sendmail.8 %{buildroot}%{_mandir}/man8/sendmail.sendmail.8
touch %{buildroot}%{_mandir}/man8/sendmail.8

%postun
if [ "$1" -ge "1" ]; then
	if [ "`readlink %{_sysconfdir}/alternatives/mta`" == "%{_sbindir}/sendmail.sendmail" ]; then
		%{_sbindir}/alternatives --set mta %{_sbindir}/sendmail.sendmail
	fi
fi

%post
# Set up the alternatives files for MTAs.
%{_sbindir}/alternatives --install %{_sbindir}/sendmail mta %{_sbindir}/sendmail.sendmail 90 \
	--slave %{_bindir}/mailq mta-mailq %{_bindir}/mailq.sendmail \
	--slave %{_bindir}/newaliases mta-newaliases %{_bindir}/newaliases.sendmail \
	--slave %{_bindir}/rmail mta-rmail %{_bindir}/rmail.sendmail \
	--slave /usr/lib/sendmail mta-sendmail /usr/lib/sendmail.sendmail \
	--slave %{_sysconfdir}/pam.d/smtp mta-pam %{_sysconfdir}/pam.d/smtp.sendmail \
	--slave %{_mandir}/man8/sendmail.8.gz mta-sendmailman %{_mandir}/man8/sendmail.sendmail.8.gz \
	--slave %{_mandir}/man1/mailq.1.gz mta-mailqman %{_mandir}/man1/mailq.sendmail.1.gz \
	--slave %{_mandir}/man1/newaliases.1.gz mta-newaliasesman %{_mandir}/man1/newaliases.sendmail.1.gz \
	--slave %{_mandir}/man5/aliases.5.gz mta-aliasesman %{_mandir}/man5/aliases.sendmail.5.gz \
	--initscript sendmail
...

%preun
if [ $1 = 0 ]; then
	%{_sbindir}/alternatives --remove mta %{_sbindir}/sendmail.sendmail
fi
...

%files
...
%ghost %{_sbindir}/sendmail
%ghost %{_bindir}/mailq
%ghost %{_bindir}/newaliases
%ghost %{_bindir}/rmail
%ghost /usr/lib/sendmail
%ghost %{_sysconfdir}/pam.d/smtp
%ghost %{_mandir}/man8/sendmail.8.gz
%ghost %{_mandir}/man1/mailq.1.gz
%ghost %{_mandir}/man1/newaliases.1.gz
%ghost %{_mandir}/man5/aliases.5.gz

%{_sbindir}/sendmail.sendmail
%{_bindir}/mailq.sendmail
%{_bindir}/newaliases.sendmail
%{_bindir}/rmail.sendmail
/usr/lib/sendmail.sendmail
%config(noreplace) %{_sysconfdir}/pam.d/smtp.sendmail
%{_mandir}/man8/sendmail.sendmail.8.gz
%{_mandir}/man1/mailq.sendmail.1.gz
%{_mandir}/man1/newaliases.sendmail.1.gz
%{_mandir}/man5/aliases.sendmail.5.gz

%attr(0755,root,root) %{_initrddir}/sendmail

Motivation

Current usage of alternatives is inconsistent, and rpm -qf /some/file will often say the file is unowned, even if it's been created by some package, which is especially misleading and annoying in case of binaries.

Existing practice

Packages using this solution:

  • antlr
  • cdrkit
  • classpathx-jaf
  • classpathx-mail
  • ettercap
  • jakarta-commons-dbcp
  • java-1.5.0-gcj
  • OpenEXR_Viewers
  • pinentry
  • saxon
  • xalan-j2
  • xemacs
  • xerces-j2

Packages that need fixing:

  • cups
  • emacs
  • esmtp
  • exim
  • fedora-usermgmt
  • gcin
  • gridengine
  • ibus
  • imsettings
  • java-1.6.0-openjdk
  • kinput2
  • libextractor
  • mx4j
  • nabi
  • openmpi
  • postfix
  • scim
  • sendmail
  • ssmtp
  • tomcat5
  • uim
  • unison213
  • unison227
  • ushare